Introduction PHOSPHORUS (P) is the second nutrient and plays a key role in plant growth. The availability of P in the soil depends on the P fractions, which influence the primary productivity of agricultural ecosystems. Having sufficient and accurate information about soil mineral PHOSPHORUS is very important for the development of sustainable agriculture in arid regions. Awareness of PHOSPHORUS deformation in different soils is also very important for PHOSPHORUS fertilizer recommendation. When PHOSPHORUS is used in its soluble forms, it is rapidly converted into unusable forms for the plant. Native soil PHOSPHORUS is often in unusable form for the plant. Therefore, having enough information about PHOSPHORUS deformation in different soils is very important to recommend PHOSPHORUS fertilizer. The objective of this study was to find out the effects of long-term use of different sources of PHOSPHORUS on available P for pistachio plants in southeast Iran.Materials and Methods The aim of this study was to find the effects of long-term use of different sources of PHOSPHORUS fertilizers that can be used for pistachio plants. For that, 168 different soil samples from 63000 ha of Sirjan pistachio orchards of Kerman province. Jiang and Gu method was used to isolate and determine the mineral forms of PHOSPHORUS in the soil. Each P fraction was extracted as follows: 1g (oven-dry weight) of sample soil weighed out into a 50 mL polyethylene centrifuge tube. A volume of 40 mL of the first extractant, NaHCO3 (Table 1) was added and placed in an automated mechanical shaker at 25° C with 110 rpm for 1 h to allow time for the solution top equilibrate. The tubes were then centrifuged at 6000 × g for 15 min and the supernatant was carefully filtered through Whatman No. 42 with minimum loss of soil. Reactive P in the supernatant was determined using the ascorbic acid method at 882 nm. This method separates PHOSPHORUS in the forms of di calcium phosphate, octa calcium phosphate, aluminum phosphates, iron phosphates, occluded phosphates and apatite. The data showed that Ca10-P was the most abundant P forms in the soils tested. Results and Discussion Results showed that the total P was high in these soil samples and the abundance of P fractions was in order to Ca10-P type≥ Al-P >Ca2-P type> Occluded P ≥ Fe-P > Ca8-P type in two depths. These results suggested that continuous P application leads to plant available P convert into unavailable P forms such as Ca10-P. results indicate that NaOH-extractable P has resulted from active Fe oxides. Also, by comparing two depths of soil in the study area, it can be concluded that the occupied PHOSPHORUS in the surface layer is more than the deep layer. Finally, it can be concluded that by increasing the stability of various forms of PHOSPHORUS, their contribution to other forms of PHOSPHORUS increases, so that the concentration of apatite is much higher than phosphate-calcium phosphate. Results showed the amount of available PHOSPHORUS (Ca2-P) in the surface layer is more than the deep layer, which can be attributed to surface application of PHOSPHORUS fertilizers. However, there are sections where PHOSPHORUS in the surface layer and the bottom is almost equal. Amount of this form of P is less than Al-P and Fe-P. It may be due to increase in Al and Fe contents in in calcareous soils.Conclusion High amounts of total P clarifies that by optimally managing the use of PHOSPHORUS fertilizers and soil conditions, the required P of the plant can be provided without additional use. From the results reported in this study, it appears that in the calcareous soils tested, the abundance of different forms of P was in order Ca10-P type≥ Al-P >Ca2-P type> Occluded P ≥ Fe-P > Ca8-P. furthermore, it observed that Fe-P, Al-P and Oc-P are important forms of P and on average constitute 30% of the sum of inorganic P forms. These findings demonstrate that the ability of NaOH to extract Al-P will be reduced with an increase in Al-P content and that NaOH is unable to remove Al-P completely. Therefore, it seems that more research is needed to find some light on whether NH4F can be omitted from the regular P fractionation schemes in the highly calcareous soils of Iran.

Introduction PHOSPHORUS (P) is an essential element in crop nutrition, which can be growth limiting or an environmental contaminant, if present in excess. On the other hand, tillage practices have a direct effect on behavior and availability of soil P. Since, application of different tillage methods lead to different patterns of soil PHOSPHORUS distribution, hence P fertilizer needs and P availability may be different in tillage systems. Researchers have found that the effects of tillage on P stratification depends on soil texture. Kimmel et al. (2000) reported that total P losses were significantly lower for NT than chisel-disk-field cultivator and ridge-till. Bahgar et al. (1998) showed that higher levels of P fertilizer improved shoot, root growth and the uptake of all nutrient elements in No till system. High levels of P also significantly enhanced the uptake of all nutrient elements except Zn and Cu.....

In order to study the effect of amounts, methods of application and sources of PHOSPHORUS fertilizer on grain yield of wheat as well as total PHOSPHORUS uptake, an experiment was conducted in two cropping years (2007-2009) in Safi-Abad Agr. Res. Cen of Dezful, Iran. The experiment design was a completely randomized block with factorial arrangement with three relplications and 16 treatments. The first factor was at four levels of PHOSPHORUS fertilizer consisting of 0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 times to PHOSPHORUS fertilizer recommended on the basis of soil testing, equivalent with 50, 100 and 150 kg PHOSPHORUS fertilizer per ha, the second factor consisting of methods of applying PHOSPHORUS fertilizer including band and broadcast and mixed with surface soil and third factors consisting of source of PHOSPHORUS fertilizer type tripel superphosphate and phosphate diamonium. The results showed that PHOSPHORUS different levels and the applying fertilizer type on grain yield, straw yield and 1000-grain weight were significant. The method of fertilizer application on straw yield was significant, only. The highest grain yield (5316 kg ha-1) was due to application of 50 kg PHOSPHORUS fertilizer as phosphate diamonium. Method of P application on harvest index was significant, only. The effect of levels of PHOSPHORUS fertilizer and method of its application on total uptake of PHOSPHORUS was significant. The effect of experiment treatments on PHOSPHORUS utilization efficiency and harvest index of PHOSPHORUS was not significant.

Objective Root structure modification is associated with the efficient water uptake and the nutrient utilization. It also provides structural support for the anchoring in soil. Genetic engineering for the improvement of plant root structure may help to maintain higher yields under drought conditions. The aim of this study was to modify the root structure of rice in order to improve drought tolerance and the efficiency of nutrient uptake. For this purpose, simultaneous transformation of Deeper Rooting1 or OsDRO1 gene, which is involved in the regulation of growth angle of the root in order to adapt to drought conditions, and PHOSPHORUS-Starvation Tolerance1 or OsPSTOL1 gene, which is effective in increasing PHOSPHORUS uptake and improving root structure, were considered for rice root structure modification. Materials and methods The OsDRO1 and OsPSTOL1 genes derived from the wild rice cultivars were cloned together in a single construct under the control of the root specific and the ubiquitin promoters, respectively. The resulting construct, pUhrDroPstol is transformed into the Agrobacterium tumefactions strain EHA105 and used for the gene transformation into Hashemi cultivar. Putative transgenic plants, survived on 50 mg/L Hygromycin during tissue culture steps, are transplanted into the Yoshida solution and then into the pots until they set seeds. Construct specific and gene specific PCR analysis are used to confirm the transgenic plants. Results In this study, 12 putative transgenic rice events were obtained, of which 10 showed the presence of both OsDRO1 and OsPSTOL1 genes in the PCR analysis. Transgenic plants show stronger root structure compared to the non-transgenic ones. Molecular analysis in the T1 and T2 generations determined the homozygous events. Conclusions In this study, two candidate genes affecting root structure, nutrient uptake and drought tolerance were transferred to the Hashemi rice using genetic engineering. So far, simultaneous transfer of these two candidate genes have not been reported. Transgenic plants present better root system compared to the control plants. The mentioned construct can be used for the transformation of other crops to improve their root structure, nutrient uptake and their drought tolerance. It is hoped that the production of the transgenic rice with modified root structure and efficient PHOSPHORUS uptake increases its drought tolerance and reduce water consumption in rice cultivation.

Uptake and use efficiencies of PHOSPHORUS and some other nutrients affected by rate of PHOSPHORUS fertilizer and bio-fertilizers application. This experiment carried out to evaluate the effect of chemical and biological PHOSPHORUS fertilizers on the PHOSPHORUS uptake and use efficiency in rapeseed in a factorial based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the research station of the Faculty of Agriculture, Yasouj University, in 2019. The first factor included zero, 25, 50, 75, 100, and 125 kg ha-1 of PHOSPHORUS and the second factor included PHOSPHORUS biofertilizer containing Pseudomonas and its non-use. Phosphorous increased the uptake of nitrogen, PHOSPHORUS, and potassium. The highest yield was obtained from 125 kg of PHOSPHORUS and PHOSPHORUS biofertilizer. With the consumption of 125 kg of PHOSPHORUS and biofertilizer, the highest PHOSPHORUS use efficiency and remobilization was achieved. The highest PHOSPHORUS harvest index was obtained from the applying 50 kg of PHOSPHORUS and no biofertilizer, and the highest PHOSPHORUS utilization efficiency was obtained from the applying 50 kg of PHOSPHORUS along with biofertilizer. Generally, using biofertilizer with PHOSPHORUS increased nutrients uptake and seed yield. In traits such as grain yield, grain and shoot PHOSPHORUS content, there was no significant difference between the application of 50 kg of PHOSPHORUS + bacteria with the application of higher levels of PHOSPHORUS fertilizer alone, therefore, biological fertilizer can be substituted a significant part of chemical PHOSPHORUS fertilizer.

Dietary PHOSPHORUS control is often a main strategy in the MANAGEMENT of patients with chronic kidney disease. Dietary protein is a major source of PHOSPHORUS intake. Recent data indicate that imposed dietary PHOSPHORUS restriction may compromise the need for adequate protein intake, leading to protein-energy wasting and possibly to increased mortality. The two main sources of dietary PHOSPHORUS are organic, including animal and vegetarian proteins, and inorganic, mostly food preservatives. Animal-based foods and plant are abundant in organic PHOSPHORUS. Usually 40% to 60% of animal-based PHOSPHORUS is absorbed; this varies by degree of gastrointestinal vitamin-D-receptor activation, whereas plant PHOSPHORUS, mostly associated with phytates, is less absorbable by human gastrointestinal tract. Up to 100% of inorganic PHOSPHORUS in processed foods may be absorbed; ie, PHOSPHORUS in processed cheese and some soda (cola) drinks. A recent study suggests that a higher dietary PHOSPHORUS-protein intake ratio is associated with incremental death risk in patients on long-term hemodialysis.Hence, for PHOSPHORUS MANAGEMENT in chronic kidney disease, in addition to absolute dietary PHOSPHORUS content, the chemical structure (inorganic versus organic), type (animal versus plant), and PHOSPHORUS-protein ratio should be considered. We recommend foods and supplements with no or lowest quantity of inorganic PHOSPHORUS additives, more plant-based proteins, and a dietary PHOSPHORUS-protein ratio of less than 10 mg/g. Fresh (nonprocessed) egg white (PHOSPHORUS-protein ratio less than 2 mg/g) is a good example of desirable food, which contains a high proportion of essential amino acids with low amounts of fat, cholesterol, and PHOSPHORUS.

Poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima cv. 'Premium Red') as an ornamental pot plant is widely grown in peat-based substrates with high PHOSPHORUS (P) fertilization. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the P demand of poinsettia according to its P depletion ability during the growth stages by using a mechanistic simulation model. For this purpose, rooted poinsettia cuttings were grown in the medium with 80: 20 (V: V%) peat+mineral component (generally called as clay) and treated with different P levels of zero, 10, 35, 100, and 170 mg P [L substrate]-1. The yield and quality performance of the plants were evaluated thoroughly. Also, depletion of P around the root surface and the effect of buffering power on the depletion profile were assessed by means of mechanistic simulation model. The results showed that, in peat-based substrates, P was transported to the root surface mainly by mass-flow. The simulation approach also revealed that the well supplied plants cultivated in the peat-substrates needed a higher concentration gradient (30-50 mM) to drive the necessary flux and that the amount of plant available P (Cs) was limiting at later growth stages. The optimum yield and quality of poinsettia was obtained at the P application rate of 35 mg L-1 substrate, with Cs of 11-12 and 15-16 mg [L substrate]-1 at planting and 53 days after planting. It was concluded that, to ensure a sufficiently high concentration gradient, P had to be supplemented by frequent fertigation at later growth stages, but not at the early growing stage.